Pengertian Pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggantikan
orang, hewan, dan benda. Tujuan dari penggunaan pronouns ialah untuk
menggantikan noun tersebut agar tidak terjadi penyebutan yang
berulang-ulang dalam sebuah kalimat.
Penjelasan tentang kata ganti:
PRONOUNS
Subject
Object
Possessive
Possessive
Reciprocal
Pronouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Pronouns
I
Me
My
Mine
Myself
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourself
He
Him
His
His
Himself
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
It
It
Its
Its
Itself
We
Us
Our
Ours
Ourselves
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourselves
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Themselves
Possessive Adjectives
Pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, yaitu untuk menerangkan
kepemilikan terhadap nouns. (The nouns belong to whom? = nouns itu milik
siapa?)
Contoh:
1. This is my house. (Ini adalah rumahku).
2. That is his house.
3. This is your dictionary. (Ini adalah kamusmu)
4. We all like our teacher.
5. Didit and Yeyes are saving some of their money to buy a birthday gift.
6. That is your book.
7. This is their clean class.
8. That is our television.
9. This is my new bag.
10. That is her big house.
Possessive Pronoun
Kata ganti ini juga menyatakan kepemilikan sesuatu benda. Perbedaannya
dengan possessive adjectives adalah terletak pada kata bendanya yang
tidak disebutkan lagi karena sudah tersirat di dalam kata ganti ini.
Contoh:
1. This house is mine. (rumah ini adalah rumahku).
2. That house is his. (rumah itu adalah rumahnya).
3. This dictionary is yours. (kamus ini adalah kamusmu).
4. I like your shoes but I don’t like mine. (Saya suka spatumu, tapi saya tidak suka sepatuku).
5. Those books are his now. (Buku-buku itu adalah buku-bukunya sekarang).
6. This new bag is mine. (Tas baru ini adalah tasku).
7. That television is ours. (TV itu adalah TV kami).
8. These beautiful cars are theirs. (Mobil-mobil cantik ini adalah mobil-mobil mereka).
9. That pencil is yours. (Pensil itu adalah pensilmu).
10. This dictionary is his. (Kamus ini adalah kamusnya).
Note: In speaking, noun setelah “this, that, these dan those” sering
dihilangkan. Lawan bicara sudah paham maksudnya karena noun-nya sudah
diacu sebelumnya, plus adanya body language. Contoh-contoh di atas dapat
dinyatakan dengan:
1. This is mine
2. That’s yours
3. Those are his now, dan seterusnya.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive atau reciprocal pronoun ini digunakan untuk merefleksikan diri
dan untuk mengeraskan arti orang atau benda yang diacunya.
Contoh:
1. I hate myself. (Saya benci diriku sendiri).
2. You only love yourself. (Kamu hanya cinta dirimu sendiri).
3. You all have to help yourselves. (Kamu semua harus membantu diri kamu sendiri).
4. We have to discipline ourselves. (Kita harus mendisiplinkan diri kita sendiri).
5. She must be angry to herself. (Dia harus marah pada dirinya sendiri).
6. He gives himself a little more time to rest. (Dia memberi
dirinya sendiri sedikit lebih banyak waktu untuk beristirahat).
7. They are proud of themselves. (Mereka bangga pada diri mereka sendiri).
Sumber:
http://grammarboxx.blogspot.com/2011/11/pronouns.html
http://elsadenovia.blogspot.com/2014/05/possessive-adjectives-possessive.html
Jumat, 30 Mei 2014
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT AND NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
Affirmative Agreement
Untuk menghilangkan pengulangan kata pada suatu kalimat kita bisa menggunakan kata “so”atau “too”. Ada perbedaan pada susunan kalimatnya ketika menggunaan kata “so” dan “too”. Silahkan perhatikan rumus berikut:
Ketika hanya ada “to be” pada klausa utama (main clause), maka tenses yang sama dari “to be” digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1. I am hungry = I am hungry, and you are too.
2. You are hungry = I am hungry, and so are you.
Affirmative statement (to be) + and + Subject + to be + too
So + to be + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. Their plane is arriving at 7 o’clock, and so is mine.
2. I am sick, and He is too.
3. Our class is clean, and so are theirs.
4. Bella is beautiful, and her sister is too.
5. My hand writing is bad, and so are you.
Ketika hanya ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), contohnya: will, should, has, have, must, etc pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu nya (auxiliary verb) juga digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1. He has seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
2. The girls have seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
Affirmative statement + and + Subject + auxiliary verb only + too
(auxiliary verb) So + auxiliary verb only + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. They will go at noon, and she will too.
2. He has an early appointment, and so have I.
3. They have written their lyrics, and so have we.
4. Richard has lived in Cuba for five years, and they have too.
5. I should finish the report, and she should too.
Ketika hanya ada kata kerja (verb) tanpa auxiliary verb pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause) dan tenses nya harus sama.
Contohnya:
1. We go to school = We go to school, and my brother does too.
2. My brother goes to school = We go to school, and so does my brother.
Affirmative statement + and + Subject + (do, does, did) + too
(single verb except ”to be”) So + (do, does, did) + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
2. My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
3. My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
4. They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
5. Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.
Negative Agreement
“Either” dan “neither” memiliki fungsi yang sama seperti kata “too” dan “so” pada klausa kedua (second clause) dalam kalimat positif (affirmative sentence/ agreement). Kata “Either”dan “neither” ini digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kalimat negative (negative sentence/ agreement). Aturan yang sama juga berlaku untuk penggunaan “to be”, “auxiliary verb” (kata kerja bantu), dan “verb” (kata kerja).
Contohnya:
1. I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didn’t either.
2. I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali.
Negative statement + and + Subject + negative auxiliary or “to be” + either
Neither + positive auxiliary or “to be” + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2. We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4. My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5. He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.
Sumber :
http://bahasainggrisonandNegativeAgreement013/04/elliptical-constructions.html
http://elsadenovia.blogspot.com/2014/05/affirmative-agreement-and-negative.html
Untuk menghilangkan pengulangan kata pada suatu kalimat kita bisa menggunakan kata “so”atau “too”. Ada perbedaan pada susunan kalimatnya ketika menggunaan kata “so” dan “too”. Silahkan perhatikan rumus berikut:
Ketika hanya ada “to be” pada klausa utama (main clause), maka tenses yang sama dari “to be” digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1. I am hungry = I am hungry, and you are too.
2. You are hungry = I am hungry, and so are you.
Affirmative statement (to be) + and + Subject + to be + too
So + to be + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. Their plane is arriving at 7 o’clock, and so is mine.
2. I am sick, and He is too.
3. Our class is clean, and so are theirs.
4. Bella is beautiful, and her sister is too.
5. My hand writing is bad, and so are you.
Ketika hanya ada kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb), contohnya: will, should, has, have, must, etc pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu nya (auxiliary verb) juga digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause).
Contohnya:
1. He has seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.
2. The girls have seen her plays = He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.
Affirmative statement + and + Subject + auxiliary verb only + too
(auxiliary verb) So + auxiliary verb only + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. They will go at noon, and she will too.
2. He has an early appointment, and so have I.
3. They have written their lyrics, and so have we.
4. Richard has lived in Cuba for five years, and they have too.
5. I should finish the report, and she should too.
Ketika hanya ada kata kerja (verb) tanpa auxiliary verb pada klausa utama (main clause), kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did digunakan pada klausa kedua (second clause) dan tenses nya harus sama.
Contohnya:
1. We go to school = We go to school, and my brother does too.
2. My brother goes to school = We go to school, and so does my brother.
Affirmative statement + and + Subject + (do, does, did) + too
(single verb except ”to be”) So + (do, does, did) + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. We want to buy a fountain, and she does too.
2. My mother likes traveling, and so do their mother.
3. My brother invites him to the party, and my sister does too.
4. They wrote a good poem, and so did he.
5. Fred cooked fried rice for his breakfast, and Tina did too.
Negative Agreement
“Either” dan “neither” memiliki fungsi yang sama seperti kata “too” dan “so” pada klausa kedua (second clause) dalam kalimat positif (affirmative sentence/ agreement). Kata “Either”dan “neither” ini digunakan untuk mengindikasikan kalimat negative (negative sentence/ agreement). Aturan yang sama juga berlaku untuk penggunaan “to be”, “auxiliary verb” (kata kerja bantu), dan “verb” (kata kerja).
Contohnya:
1. I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and Ali didn’t either.
2. I didn’t go to the mosque yesterday, and neither did Ali.
Negative statement + and + Subject + negative auxiliary or “to be” + either
Neither + positive auxiliary or “to be” + subject
Contoh kalimat lainnya:
1. The manager isn’t too happy with the project, and neither is his assistant.
2. We can’t study in the library, and he can’t either.
3. You didn’t pay the taxes, and they didn’t either.
4. My brother won’t accept my father’s decision, and my sister won’t either.
5. He doesn’t know the answer, and neither does she.
Sumber :
http://bahasainggrisonandNegativeAgreement013/04/elliptical-constructions.html
http://elsadenovia.blogspot.com/2014/05/affirmative-agreement-and-negative.html
INFINITIVE
Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah
to di depannya, misalnya to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study. Seperti halnya dengan gerund, infinitive pun dapat berfungsi sebagai
kata benda (noun). Bedanya, penggunaan infinitive lebih luas daripada
gerund yang hanya berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Infinitive mempunyai
tiga fungsi, yaitu sebagai kata benda (noun), kata sifat (adjective),
dan kata keterangan (adverb).
Infinitive sebagai kata benda (noun)
1. To say is easy but to do is difficult.
2. To understand English is not an easy job.
3. To dry an ocean is nonsense.
Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)
1. I have no time to go.
2. The desire to success is strong in youth.
3. I have had the money to pay this ticket.
Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)
· I come to meet you.
· We read to get new information.
Infinitive tidak pernah dan tidak boleh menempati posisi sebagai kata kerja utama (main verb).
· I to drink a cup of coffee. (salah)
· I drink a cup of coffee. (benar)
Infinitives juga bisa dikombinasikan dengan be dan have sebagai kata kerja bantu (auxiliaries) untuk membentuk konstruksi waktu. Perhatikan bentuk infinitives berikut ini:
Bentuk infinitives (active):
Simple --> to write
Continuous --> to be writing
Perfect --> to have written
Perfect continuous --> to have been writing
Contoh infinitive (active) dalam kalimat:
· I want to see you.
· It’s nice to be sitting here.
· I’m glad to have seen her.
· I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in.
Bentuk infinitives (passive):
Simple --> to be written
Perfect --> to have been written
Contoh infinitive (passive) dalam kalimat:
· She likes to be liked.
· She wants to be loved.
· The paddy field needs to be watered.
· You could have been killed.
· It must have been done when it was being moved.
Catatan
Setelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to. Modal auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall, would, could, can, may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to).
Sumber :
hInfinitivestanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/infinitives.html
http://elsadenovia.blogspot.com/2014/05/infinitives.html
Infinitive sebagai kata benda (noun)
1. To say is easy but to do is difficult.
2. To understand English is not an easy job.
3. To dry an ocean is nonsense.
Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)
1. I have no time to go.
2. The desire to success is strong in youth.
3. I have had the money to pay this ticket.
Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)
· I come to meet you.
· We read to get new information.
Infinitive tidak pernah dan tidak boleh menempati posisi sebagai kata kerja utama (main verb).
· I to drink a cup of coffee. (salah)
· I drink a cup of coffee. (benar)
Infinitives juga bisa dikombinasikan dengan be dan have sebagai kata kerja bantu (auxiliaries) untuk membentuk konstruksi waktu. Perhatikan bentuk infinitives berikut ini:
Bentuk infinitives (active):
Simple --> to write
Continuous --> to be writing
Perfect --> to have written
Perfect continuous --> to have been writing
Contoh infinitive (active) dalam kalimat:
· I want to see you.
· It’s nice to be sitting here.
· I’m glad to have seen her.
· I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in.
Bentuk infinitives (passive):
Simple --> to be written
Perfect --> to have been written
Contoh infinitive (passive) dalam kalimat:
· She likes to be liked.
· She wants to be loved.
· The paddy field needs to be watered.
· You could have been killed.
· It must have been done when it was being moved.
Catatan
Setelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to. Modal auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall, would, could, can, may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to).
Sumber :
hInfinitivestanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/infinitives.html
http://elsadenovia.blogspot.com/2014/05/infinitives.html
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